«Secretos culturales¼ y conflictos deportivos en futbolistas del pueblo indígena shipibo-konibo / «Cultural secrets¼ and sports conflicts among soccer players of the Shipibo-Konibo indigenous people

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio explora el razonamiento moral de un grupo de jugadores de fútbol del pueblo indígena shipibo-konibo sobre el uso de diversas trampas en competencias de dicho deporte. Método : Mediante entrevistas cualitativas, usando cartulinas escritas que presentan situaciones de conflicto comunes a la práctica del fútbol, se identifican primero los recursos secretos propios de su contexto cultural, utilizados para obtener ventajas sobre los rivales. Resultados : Luego de ello, se exploran las creencias y modos de razonar moralmente de estos jugadores sobre el uso de dichos secretos, así como sobre situaciones comunes de trasgresión presentes en la práctica del futbol. Conclusión : Los resultados muestran la compleja articulación entre creencias y cosmovisiones culturales específicas y procesos universales de razonamiento moral, comunes a los miembros de diferentes culturas.

Abstract Objetive : this study explores the moral reasoning of a group of soccer players from the Shipibo-Konibo indigenous people concerning the use of various fouls and misconduct in such sport's competitions. Method : through qualitative interviews, using written cards that show conflict situations in soccer games, the cultural secrets used to gain advantage over rivals are first identified. Results : afterwards, the beliefs and ways of moral reasoning of these players on the use of such secrets, as well as common fouls in soccer games, are examined. Conclusion : the results show the complex relationship that the specific cultural beliefs and worldviews have with the universal processes of moral reasoning common to people from different cultures.

Teoría del Cambio Subjetivo: Aportes desde un Estudio Cualitativo con Profesores / The Theory of Subjective Change: Contributions from a Qualitative Study with Teachers / Teoria da Mudança Subjetiva: Contribuições deum Estudo Qualitativo com Professores

Se reportan los hallazgos de una investigación que reconstruye la teoría subjetiva de un grupo de docentes participantes de un diplomado de educación en valores acerca de su propio proceso de cambio. A una muestra de 12 profesores chilenos se le realizaron 35 entrevistas y se analizaron algunos documentos personales. La información se procesó mediante análisis cualitativo descriptivo y relacional, y fue codificada utilizando el programa aTlaS.ti. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes distinguen factores externos y propios como causas de sus cambios, diferencian entre vida personal y trabajo con incipientes explicaciones al integrar ambas dimensiones, y reconocen la importancia del cambio personal en el cambio profesional.

Findings are reported from a study that reconstructs the subjective theory of a group of teachers participating in an educational certification program regarding the values about their own processes of change. A sample of 12 Chilean teachers completed 35 interviews, and some personal documents were analyzed. The information was processed through descriptive and relational qualitative analysis, and it was coded using aTlaS.ti software. The results indicate that participants identify external factors and personal factors as the causes of their changes, differentiating between personal life and work, with emerging explanations that involve both settings. Furthermore, they recognize the importance of personal change in professional change.

Relatam-se as descobertas de uma pesquisa que reconstrói a teoria subjetiva de um grupo de docentes participantes de um curso de educação em valores sobre seu próprio processo de mudança. Com uma amostra de 12 professores chilenos foram realizadas 35 entrevistas e analisaram-se alguns documentos pessoais. A informação processou-se mediante análise qualitativa descritiva e relacional, e foi codificada utilizando o programa aTlaS.ti. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes distinguem fatores externos e próprios como causas de suas mudanças, diferenciam entre vida pessoal e trabalho com incipientes explicações ao integrar ambas as dimensões, e reconhecem a importância da mudança pessoal na mudança profissional.

School violence: Subjective theories of academic advisory board members from six chilean schools

Se estudiaron las teorías subjetivas acerca de la violencia escolar de seis docentes directivos de seis establecimientos educacionales de la comuna de Coquimbo (Chile), tres de escuelas municipales (públicas) y tres de colegios particulares. El estudio fue de tipo cualitativo y la estrategia de recolección de datos utilizó una entrevista semi-estructurada de aplicación individual, seguida por un instrumento de auto-reporte. Los resultados fueron analizados, organizados e interpretados en base a la teoría fundamentada, lo que permitió reconstruir las explicaciones que los directivos han construido acerca de la violencia escolar. Los resultados indican que todos los participantes conciben la violencia escolar como un problema social importante pero poco común en sus instituciones educativas. Además, asumen que la violencia se origina fundamentalmente por influencias externas que provienen de la sociedad en su conjunto, tales como el tipo de estructura familiar y los procesos de socialización en el hogar, la calidad de la educación recibida y la influencia de los medios de comunicación. Cuando piensan en variables del propio sujeto, usualmente atribuyen la violencia a una baja autoestima. En esta concepción, al dejar de lado la participación del individuo como un agente racional que discierne y elabora juicios morales para guiar la acción, los directivos asumen una visión pasiva del sujeto como meramente respondiente a las influencias ambientales. Los hallazgos del estudio se discuten principalmente enfatizando sus implicaciones para la educación, específicamente para la educación moral y la prevención de la violencia.

This study analyzes the subjective theories regarding school violence held by six school officials of the city of Coquimbo (Chile). School violence is action carried out by a member of a school community that intends to cause harm against any member of that community. The study's main objective is to identify and interpre tthe various subjective theories regarding school violence held by the school officials as well as to explore whether there is a moral dimension to their subjective theories. We are interested in the moral dimension of the problem because research has shown that processes such as moral reasoning, moral identity, or moral motivation are linked to students' behavior in schools. Furthermore, social interactions are critical for the development of more advanced levels of moral reasoning. The study focuses on six members of the academic advisory board from six different schools, three municipal (public) schools and three subsidized private schools in the region of Coquimbo (Chile). Because the role of the administrative team is becoming increasingly important in the proper functioning of educational institutions, characteristics of school officials such as their leadership skills, negotiation skills, or abilities solve conflicts, have a direct impact on the success or failure of any educational program. Due to the qualitative approach of this study, each participant was interviewed using an individual semi-structured interview followed by a self-report questionnaire. Results were analyzed, organized, and interpreted based on grounded theory, which has been shown to be useful in analyzing subjective theories. Participants' explanations regarding school violence were reconstructed using the semantic categories that emerged in their interview responses. Results indicate that participants view school violence as an important social problem that should be contested; however, at the same time participants feel that it is not prevalent at their own educational institutions. Moreover, all participants believe that school violence takes place because of social influences, such as socialization processes at home, family values, quality of education, and influence of mass media, among others. This shows that participants hold a concept of the individual as merely respondent to environmental forces, lacking rational process and agency to discern and make moral judgments as a base for their actions. This is problematic because school violence has a moral dimension, as it involves issues of fairness, cooperation, conflict, negotiation with others, justice, and welfare. Results show that none of the participants understand violence as related to morality. Consequently, participants support traditional approaches to combat school violence aimed either at making students behave as it is prescribed by school norms or at enhancing students' social skills. However, such approaches disregard any moral education or moral discernment, even though research has identified moral values, the main variable in the study of social behaviour (Delfino & Zubieta, 2011), and moral development as factors related to violence. In general, school officials regard violence as externally originated, caused mainly by social forces and cultural factors. They also have subjective theories that hold the causes of school violence to be external and un manageable, minimizing their responsibility and their sense of efficacy in dealing with the problem. Assuming that a major role of education is to facilitate a better understanding of the world and knowing that teachers' beliefs are very important into explain teachers' behavior, the results of this study are discussed regarding its implications for education, particularly moral education and the prevention of violence.